Principles of Design

Click below for a full list of the Principles of Design and their definitions:

Contrast

Contrast refers to a stark difference among the elements of art in a composition that creates emphasis.  It is easiest to see in a composition using two complimentary colors or two opposite values.  Contrast can be achieved by varied line width, color, texture, etc.

Repetition

Repetition is the deliberate recurrence of elements within a composition.  It creates rhythm and implied movement.

Placement

Placement refers to where the elements are relative to the edges of the picture plane. This can create visual movement as well, keeping the viewer’s eyes on your picture longer.

Proximity

Proximity is where elements are relative to each other.  Proximity can create visual interest by moving shapes or colors closer or further apart.

Balance

Balance refers to the distribution of visual weight in a composition.  A composition can have symmetrical balance (elements on one side are echoed by elements on the other side), radial balance (elements are balance around a central point), or asymmetrical balance (where elements of differing proportions are balanced using emphasis, placement, and proximity).

Scale/Proportion

Scale and proportion refer to the size of something versus the size of something else.  This can refer to the size of one element within a composition in comparison to the size of another element within that same composition, the height of something versus the width, or the size of the work itself verses the size of another or in comparison to the room or world around it.

Unity

Unity is the intuitive sense of oneness within a work through the visual linking of elements within the composition. This can be obtained by staying consistent with line, choosing monochromatic or complimentary colors, etc.  Unity can be seen when all of the elements within a composition “speak the same language”.

Variety 

Variety is the opposite of unity.  It embraces the differences between elements in a composition, creating visual interest and tension.

Harmony

Harmony refers to how all parts of the visual image relate to and complement each other.  It can be achieved through combining unity and variety within a composition.

Emphasis

Emphasis refers to the use of the elements and principles of design to create a focal point within a composition.

Rhythm

Rhythm is created when compositional arrangements of shape, color, or line direct eye movement through the work.  This is a very powerful element that is often overlooked by beginning students.